Month: February 2025

Introduction The internet, as we know it, is a vast ocean of information. But much of this information is locked away in silos – databases, documents, and websites independently existing. Wouldn’t it be powerful if we could seamlessly connect this data, allowing machines to understand relationships and draw meaningful insights? This is the promise of…

Introduction In today’s digital world, we are drowning in data. From social media posts to scientific research, vast amounts of information are constantly being generated. However, this data often exists in siloed formats, making it difficult for computers (and sometimes even humans) to truly understand its meaning and relationships. This is where the Semantic Web…

Introduction In natural language processing (NLP), taxonomy, ontology, and knowledge graphs play critical roles in enabling machines to understand, categorize, and derive meaning from human language. These frameworks help structure linguistic data, provide context, and facilitate reasoning, making NLP applications more accurate and contextually aware. Definition: A taxonomy is a hierarchical classification system that organizes…

Introduction Conversational analysis provides valuable insights into how people navigate and make sense of social interactions through language. It has been employed in a range of disciplines and fields sociology, linguistics, anthropology and psychology. In linguistics, it has been successfully applied to the study of linguistic form and function, helping to situate the use and emergence…

Introduction Glossary standardization and the use of synonyms in the Arabic language present unique challenges and opportunities, especially in fields like translation, localization, and knowledge management. Arabic is a rich and diverse language with multiple dialects and a vast lexicon, which makes standardization of terms crucial for clear and consistent communication across different contexts. In…

Introduction Metadata – referred to as the data that describes other data – is the information we create, store, and share to describe things. It allows us to interact with these things and enhances our understanding of their various resources. It also provides us with a context for these things, describes, explains, and provides their…

What is Artificial Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science that enables a computer to think or act in a ‘human’ way, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning or learn from past experience, rationalize and take actions that have the best chance of achieving a specific goal. It involves systems that can interpret…

Preamble Part-of-speech (POS) tagging is the process of marking up words in a text with their corresponding part of speech based on their definition and context. For Arabic, POS tagging is more complex than English because of its rich morphology. In Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) grammar, part-of-speech hierarchy is based on classical Arabic grammar where words are classified into…

Introduction VADER (Valence Aware Dictionary and sEntiment Reasoner) is a sentiment analysis tool specifically attuned to sentiments expressed in social media. It is sensitive to both polarity (positive/negative) and intensity (strength) of emotion. VADER is widely used because of its simplicity and efficiency, especially for short texts like tweets, comments, or reviews. VARDER Sentiment Analysis…

Introduction The Internet is a space without borders. It allows people to connect and discover new things and new products in other parts of the world, read about other cultures and habits.  In contrast to high street locations, the products listed on an on-line page or shop can easily be offered across the globe and be seen by many…

Translation studies is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of translation, interpreting, and localization. As an interdiscipline, translation studies borrows much from the various fields of study that support translation. These include comparative literature, computer science, history, linguistics, philology, philosophy, semiotics, and terminology. The term “translation studies” was coined by the Amsterdam-based American scholar James S. Holmes in his 1972 paper “The name…

Introduction Rule Based POS Tagging One of the oldest techniques of tagging is rule-based POS tagging. Rule-based taggers use a dictionary or lexicon for getting possible tags for each word. If the word has more than one possible tag, then rule-based taggers use hand-written rules to identify the correct tag. Disambiguation can also be performed…

1. Introduction Managers who work internationally recognize that failure to take into account the specific characteristics of the local operating environments, notably the official language and cultural differences, can have costly adverse effects. The multilingual capability of any information or document system’s applications that are intended to contribute toward companies’ international strategies or, more generally,…

Introduction The semantic web refers to the next stage in the development of the world wide web. In what is known as Web 3.0, information is no longer just linked, but web content is enriched and linked with machine-readable, semantic metadata. The aim is to optimise the information exchange on the web by enabling machines to distinguish and…