Conversational Analysis is an approach to the study of social interaction that empirically investigates the mechanisms by which humans achieve mutual understanding. A conversation refers to two or more individuals involved in a conversation with one another. Conversational Analysis examines conversations and analysing what was said, why it was said and how it was said. A key concepts in conversational analysis is the idea of “sequential organization,” which explores how actions and responses are structured in conversation. This involves studying the way speakers take turns, initiate topics, respond to each other, and manage transitions in conversation.
Conversational analysis provides valuable insights into how people navigate and make sense of social interactions through language. It has been employed in a range of disciplines and fields sociology, linguistics, anthropology and psychology. In linguistics, it has been successfully applied to the study of linguistic form and function, helping to situate the use and emergence of grammatical structure in context such as speech acts, reference, discourse markers, and particles.
Conversation Analysis focuses on both verbal and non-verbal features in a conversation and their combinations in situations of everyday life. What is a participant doing by speaking or moving in a certain way at a given moment? What evidence is there for this in the conduct that precedes, co-occurs with, and follows that stretch of behaviour?
Interaction unfolds as a chain of initiating and responding actions. This chain is a source of internal evidence for the meaning of social behaviour as it exposes the understandings that participants themselves give of what one another is doing. The alternation is regulated by a system that allocates opportunities to speak on the basis of certain rules.
Conversation Principles
There are four conversational rules that speakers and listeners use to build a contextual discussion: These range from ordinary telephone conversations; from television interviews with celebrities to speeches given at political rallies. Conversation Analysts use the term speech exchange systems, of which conversation itself is but one; and maintain that any such system, in which two or more participants exchange turns at talk for whatever purpose, can be analysed to reveal significant detail about the organisation of social life and institutions.
- Dialogue: Say just enough to make your contribution informative, but not any more informative as to become excessive or “TMI.”
- Language: Do not say things that you know to be false or lack adequate evidence for.
Participants: Communication is typically defined as a process of sending and receiving messages. For example, Thompson (2003:12-13) presents a diagram of the transmitter (“the person initiating the communication”), the receiver (“the person being communicated with”), and the noise (“any factors or set of factors that interfere with the communication”). Likewise, Rosenfeld & Berko (1990:3-4) use an archery metaphor in which the archer is the sender (“the person who devises the message”), the arrow is the message (“the information the sender devises
for the receiver”), and the target is the receiver (“the person who takes in the message”). Such information transfer models have been criticised, often for being over-simplistic (e.g. Thompson 2003; Akmajian et al. 1995), however they are still taught and remain influential by providing an easily understandable representation of how communication might work (e.g. Reinard 2008).
A conversation analyst examines what some detail of talk reveals about how that participant, there and then, understood and acted on what was happening, and made some new contribution by doing something next.
context is itself a communicative construct (Linell 1998:138; Schegloff 1992)
Logic: Avoid obscurity and ambiguity. Make sure to say your contribution briefly and orderly.
Logic: Paul Grice (1975) argued that logic is based on the belief that both participants are cooperating with each other. His assumption the cooperative principle is the norm that one should make their interactional contribution fitting for the point in time and for the purpose of the engaged conversation.
In situations where a transcripts ore used recordings are transcribed in close detail to allow for fine-grained analysis of the design, exchange and coordination of actions within social interaction.
In order to detect the topics, we must import the necessary libraries. Python has some useful libraries for NLP and machine learning, including NLTK and Scikit-learn (sklearn). Using CountVectorizer() , we generate the matrix that denotes the frequency of the words of each text using CountVectorizer() .
To determine the topic of a conversation using Python, you can use Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. One way to do this is to use intent classification and entity extraction.
Intent classification is the process of classifying the whole sentence into a specific category. For example, you can have an intent: find resource. Entity extraction is the task of finding a specific sub-string within your sentence.
To get started, you can use Python modules such as nltk and spaCy for NLP. You can analyze every chat message sentence by sentence, tokenize the sentence, use stemming, then pos tagging, and iterate all tokens to find out if certain verbs or nouns are contained in the sentence. You can also check if the sentence is a question by checking if the last token is a question mark.
Alternatively, you can use some kind of matching, like spaCy’s rule-based matching. You can build several patterns that can identify the desired question/question types and match them on every chat message.
For more information on how to use NLP in Python to analyze questions from a chat conversation, you can check out this Stack Overflow post or this tutorial. Text analysis and conversation analysis are two different things. Conversation is following a structure however a text can be put in whatever order the writer wants
Dialogue as text scripts transcribed
Single author, Conversation multiple contributors each participant is adding his own idea incorporate details of manner of production (prosodic detail like pitch, volume, and sound lengthening, or cut-off sounds and words), or the timing of silences or of turns’ occurrence relative to one another.
