Language scope
The third task included in the localisation of a product, is the cultural adaptation. Countries have different cultural ties. This is why the product advertised must respect those conventions. A concrete example of this can be found in the Arab world where Arabic countries use the Modern standard form of Arabic MSA as a language of the media and spoken forms of Arabic for daily conversations. There are many variations of Arabic\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic}{variations} and a term can mean different things according to user’s location. In Egypt for example, speakers say /kazouza/ to name a fresh drink. In Morocco, the term used is /lmonada/ a term that has been borrowed from the French dictionary /Limonade/ and was customised to the Moroccan tongue.
Content Customisation
Translation also was not looking consistent and I had to go through the application to check it and come up with a better translation according to the context. Finally, and Based on the elements mentioned above, I have suggested the followings the followings solutions:
Text translation is the most important aspect of localizing the software UI. The translation should communicate in language, phrasing, and vocabulary that is natural as well as accurate. Moreover, the language should be clear, familiar to the user, and appropriate for the culture of the target country. Additionally, it should follow conventions used in the target country such as customary symbols, punctuation, formatting, and typography. Title bars, menus, dialog boxes, buttons, messages, and tool tips are some common UI controls that have text. Help files and user manuals typically require heavy translation efforts.
There are two ways to work out this process. If the application content is not massive, the company can hire a team of linguists to help with the content translation, the linguist can translate the content directly inside the ‘html’ or ‘xml’ scripts without moving the text outside the application. There are many tools offering that. e.g OxygenXML is offering the facility of editing the text inside the editor. This process is not easy in itself because it requires the linguists to have a good knowledge of the software industry. They should know how to move between the code editor and the visual editor, how to run regressive test scenarios and who to write an SQL script. They should also know where the application segments sit on the system.
The second option is to extract the content from the scripts, add it to an excel spreadsheet while creating different text columns, one for the source text and another one for the targeted text, then request the language vendor to take in charge the content translation. There are some drawbacks with this second option. The language vendor is usually a consultancy, a business. They are using the service of independent linguists who when they work with a segment of a text neglect the context of the text they are translating. Translation errors and a loss of consistency is an error some language vendors fall in.
The localisation of a software application is a mandatory task for any business seeking an expansion to other markets. It is also an obligation in some countries to customises the For example, all UI is required to be translated by the Toulon Law in France and the National Assembly of Québec: Bill 96 in Canada.7 In Europe and in order to respect the legal convention, it is an obligation for any company seeking to commercialise its product outside its national borders to translate and localise the content of its products, including but not limited the product description, the product labels, the packaging and the website displaying the product. This is usually done for the product reference.
Indeed, localization does entail a vast amount of translation-including all of a product’s text, menus, dialog boxes, buttons, wizards, online Help, printed documentation, packaging, and CD labels. Localization also needs to adapt the product to the particular locale in which it will be used
Arabic requires right-to-left (RTL) layout of not only the text, but of the whole user interface (UI), including buttons, menus, and dialog boxes. (For more information on RTL lay-out, see Mirroring.) Customers are likely to buy services and products if the information of commercial websites is offered in their language.
All those tasks must be completed before the commercialisation and advertisement the product. In Europe for example, consumers cannot purchase a product that does not speak the local language. This is usually done for the safety of the consumer and for the legal protection of the business. If a consumer buys a product of which the content is written in another language, they can fall in the error of buying a product that is not suitable for them and any consequences resulting from the wrong usage of the product will be handled by the business that manufactures, sells and advertise the product. Businesses prefer not to engage in legal issues because it is against the market reputation. There’s a larger lesson here that translation without sufficient context can lead to errors.
Arabic Layout
Limitations
This focuses on the language handling that can be seen in the graphical user interface and primarily of the Chinese and Arabic scripts. It does not include any technique for translation or how this should be treated. Neither does this thesis include anything about fonts, even though the availability of fonts is one of the most critical aspects of displaying or printing text in a complex script. (Without adequate font support a fully functional complex script-capable application is completely worthless). But font issues are such a large and time-consuming topic, not possible to be handled within the time frame of this, and are therefore considered to be out of scope. Because of the same reasons this thesis is limited to a “script-technical focus”, not a “cultural focus” (even though “culture” is mentioned in the thesis). It does not either discuss the distinction between a script versus typography, since typography is very culture-dependent.
Alignment and Formatting
Written content should be aligned to properly display and wrap text at the end of each sentence. If not, the order of the words and the meaning of the sentence will be incorrect. Fortunately, most applications have tools that can change the writing direction of the text. For example, markup languages like HTML have tags you can add to your code to adjust the “DIR attribute” and specify the base direction of text (LTR, RTL). Based on the elements mentioned above and the design of EMC Europe (see example below) I have come with the following conclusions. The application should be redesigned completely because it is, from a user perspective, look faulty. Moreover, in EMC application we cannot distinguish between attributes, which attribute is a parent attribute and which attribute is a child. Seeing the fact that the design Seeing the fact that the layout is not looking correct, a user cannot distinguish between attributes, which attributes is a “Parent” attribute and which attribute is a “Child” attribute. I am attaching an example for more clarification of the case. This line shows how to use a footnote to further explain or cite text\footnote.
Confirmation Messages /Error Messages
During my work on both application xCP and Record Manager, I have realized that Error/Confirmation messages were returning corrupted and thus incorrect. I have suggested on them a solution that has worked efficiently.
Although the software was converted to Arabic both technical and cultural-oriented problems prevailed including the misleading Use Interface. Different studies have been conducted to approach the topic of localization quality Lobanov [27] believes that localization Quality means that the localized product should reflect the Original in terms of language, idea, cultural nuances, and accessibility.
Conclusion and Future Research
We would argue that although great efforts have been exerted in localizing the content, a wide array of problems is persistent. Firstly, many sections of the website are partially translated as some English words and phrases are kept with the translated Arabic text. Secondly, the graphics in the English version are kept in the Arabic version to assist the verbal component represented by the items’ descriptions. Sometimes, the Arabic description is found to be vague and even misleading. Finally, diverse inconsistencies with respect to grammar, style, and technicality are observed. Such findings assert Lobanov’s conclusion that localization quality should reflect the original in terms of language, idea, cultural nuances, and accessibility.
REFERENCES
https://www.w3.org/International/i18n-drafts/nav/about
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/intl/understanding-internationalization}